Tvorba biogenních aminů v mase vybraných druhů ryb – Ing. Kateřina MATĚJKOVÁ

Anotace:

Disertační prace se zabýva užitím a účinností některých méně běžných způsobů konzervace rybiho masa. V souvislosti s netradičnimi konzervačnimi metodami je sledovana tvorba biogennich aminů v mase. Tyto latky mohou sloužit jako indikatory rozkladu bilkovin. Kvalita rybiho masa byla posuzovana v souvislosti s nar.stajicim obsahem vybranych biogennich amin. (putrescinu, kadaverinu, spermidinu, sperminu, 2-fenylethylaminu, histaminu, tyraminu a tryptaminu). Pro stanoveni biogennich amin. byla pou.ita metoda ultrau.inne kapalinove chromatografie (UPLC). Osm biogennich amin. bylo derivatizovano dansylchloridem p.ed jejich rozd.lenim pomoci metody UPLC. Rybi maso bylo vakuově zabaleno. Po účinku vybrane konzervačni techniky byly vzorky uchovavany po n.kolik tydn. v termostatu p.i zvolene skladovaci teplot.. Ke konzervaci rybiho masa bylo u.ito jednak ?Ŕ-za.eni, dale pak vysoky hydrostaticky tlak. Sou.asn. byly p.ipraveny kontrolni vzorky, ktere nebyly vystaveny u.inku ?Ŕ-za.eni a vysokemu tlaku. U v.ech vzork. byly sledovany organolepticke vlastnosti (v.n./zapach, vhled a tvar). Konzervace u.inkem ?Ŕ-za.eni byla aplikovana na rybi maso kapra obecneho (Cyprinus carpio) a pstruha duhoveho (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Oba druhy sladkovodnich ryb jsou hospoda.sky vyznamne. Jsou nej.ast.ji konzumovanymi druhy v .R. Z hlediska vyživy člověka je rybi maso považovano za zdrave a dietni, to v.ak plati pouze v p.ipad. sou.asne čerstvosti. Ke zjištěni vhodne davky ?Ŕ-za.eni byla u kapra obecneho vytvo.ena zku.ebni serie vzork.. V prvnim experimentu byla vystavena nejvy..i p.ipustne davce za.eni pro rybi maso 3 kGy. V dal.ich experimentech byla davka za.eni sni.ena na zaklad. zku.enosti z uvodniho pokusu. U pstruha duhoveho byly pou.ity davky 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1,0 a 2,0 kGy. Hodnoty ?Ŕ-za.eni 0,75 kGy a vy..i (1,0; 2,0 a 3,0 kGy) prodlou.ily udr.nost rybiho masa, ktere v t.chto p.ipadech bylo skladovatelne a. t.i m.sice (98 dn.). Prodlou.eni skladovatelnosti masa na 98 dn. je p.i 3,5 ??C z technickeho hlediska nadbyte.ne. V opakovanem experimentu s kap.im masem byly proto podrobn.ji zkou.eny ni..i davky za.eni 0,25; 0,5 a 0,75 kGy. Ni..i davky ?Ŕ-za.eni jsou u obou druh. ryb pova.ovany za p.ijateln.j.i a sou.asn. dostate.n. u.inne pro oddaleni za.inajicich rozkladnych procesů Vysoky hydrostaticky tlak byl aplikovan na maso kapra obecneho (Cyprinus carpio), pstruha duhoveho (Oncorhynchus mykiss) a .tiky obecne (Esox lucius). .tika obecna je dal.im velmi oblibenym druhem sladkovodni ryby. Maso .tiky je velmi chutne, av.ak tento druh ryby neni mezi spot.ebiteli tolik roz.i.en ve srovnani s kaprem a pstruhem. D.vodem je p.edev.im jeho vy..i cena. Na rozdil od experiment. s ?Ŕ-za.enim byly vzorky po aplikaci vysokeho tlaku skladovany krom. standardni ni..i teploty 3,5 ??C, take p.i vy..i teplot. 12 ??C. Nizka skladovaci teplota byla navr.ena tak, aby se prost.edi ulo.enych vzork. podobalo podminkam uchovavani rybiho masa v pr.myslovych chladirenskych za.izenich a domacnostech. Podle dostupnych informaci vznikl p.edpoklad, .e vysoky tlak nebude dostate.nou konzerva.ni technikou p.i vy..ich skladovacich teplotach. Pro ov..eni tohoto p.edpokladu byly vzorky o.et.ene vysokym tlakem skladovany jak p.i 3,5 ??C tak i p.i vy..i teplot. 12 ??C. Vy..i teplotou bylo simulovano selhani chladirenskeho za.izeni .i nevhodne teplotni uchovavani masa. U v.ech druh. vybranych sladkovodnich ryb byly aplikovany dv. urovn. vysokeho tlaku . 300 a 500 MPa. Ob. urovn. m.ly vyznamny vliv na omezeni tvorby biogennich amin. p.edev.im u vzork., ktere byly skladovany p.i 3,5 ??C. U.inek 300 i 500 MPa oddalil p.i teto teplot. za.atek rozkladnych proces. v rybim mase o 3.4 tydny. P.i 12 ??C a 500 MPa prodlu.uje vysoky tlak udr.itelnost masa nejvy.e o 1 tyden. U ni..i skladovaci teploty p.edstavuje 500 MPa u.inny konzerva.ni zakrok. Oproti tomu p.i vy..i teplot. neni vysoky tlak tak spolehlivou konzerva.ni technologii. …víceméně

Abstract:

The thesis deals with the use and effectiveness of some less common methods of conservation of fish meat. The formation of biogenic amines in meat is observed in connection with the non-traditional preservative methods. Amines can serve as indicators of protein degradation. The quality of fish was considered in connection with the increasing content of selected biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, 2-fenylathylamine, histamine, tyramine and tryptamine). Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used as the method for determination of biogenic amines. Amines were derivatized by dansylchloride before their UPLC separation. The fish flesh was vacuum-packed. Samples were stored for several weeks in a thermostat at the selected storage temperature after the application of selected preservative technique. Beta-irradiation and high hydrostatic pressure were used for the preservation of fish flesh. Control samples were not exposed to the â-irradiation and high pressure. The organoleptic properties were studied for all samples (smell/odor, insight and shape). Beta-irradiation was applied to fish meat of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Both these species of freshwater fish are economically significant. Carp and trout are the species being mostly consumed in the Czech Republic. Fish meat is considered to be provided the flesh is fresh. A testing series of samples was created with common carp to determine the appropriate dose of â-irradiation. The maximum permissible dose of irradiation for fish meat is 3 kGy. Fish samples were exposed this dose in the first experiment. The dose of irradiation was reduced in following experiments based on the experience from the initial experiment. The doses of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy were applied to rainbow trout. The value of 0.75 kGy of â-irradiation or higher (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 kGy) prolonged the shelf life of fish meat, which was stored for three months (98 days). Prolonging of the shelf life of fish meat to approximately 98 days at 3.5 °C is redundant from technical point of view. For that reason lower doses 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 kGy were tested in more detail in the repeated experiment with carp meat. Lower doses of â-irradiation are considered to be more acceptable and-at the same time-sufficiently effective for delaying the beginning of degradation processes. 6 High hydrostatic pressure was applied to meat of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and pike (Exos lucius). Pike is another very popular kind of freshwater fish. Pike flesh is very tasty, but in spite of this, pike is not so much popular among consumers compared to carp and trout. The cause is its high price. Samples of pike were stored at standard temperature 3.5 °C and also at higher temperature 12 °C (unlike experiments with â-irradiation). Lower temperature of storage (3.5 °C) followed the conditions of storing of fish meat in industrial refrigeration facilities and households. The high pressure might not be sufficient for preservation at higher storage temperatures. This assumption was based on available information. Samples were treated by high pressure and stored at both 3.5 °C and 12 °C to verify this assumption. Higher temperature simulated either failure of refrigeration equipment or unsuitable store temperature of meat. In all species selected freshwater fish two levels of high pressure were applied ? 300 and 500 MPa. Both levels had significantly reduced the formation of biogenic amines, especially in samples stored at 3.5 °C. At this temperature, the effect of 300 and 500 MPa delayed start of degradation processes in fish meat by 3?4 weeks. At 12 °C and 500 MPa, high pressure extended the sustainability of meat by no more than one week. 500 MPa is effective treatment at the lower temperature of 3.5 °C. High pressure is not reliable preservative techniques at higher temperature. …víceméně