Enigmatický pohřeb v cisterciáckém klášteře ve Žďáru nad Sázavou

Mgr. Petra Kolenská

Master's thesis

Abstract:

Anotace Při záchranném archeologickém výzkumu probíhajícím v roce 1985 v okolí konventního kostela Nanebevzetí Panny Marie pod vedením PhDr. Radmily Stránské byly v barokním schodišti při severní stěně kostela objeveny neznámé kosterní pozůstatky. Po vyzvednutí zůstaly bezmála 20 let v depozitáři Okresního muzea ve Žďáru nad Sázavou a poté byly převezeny na Katedru antropologie (dnešní Ústav antropologie) Přírodovědecké fakulty Masarykovy univerzity k antropologickému zpracování. Předložená práce představuje základní antropologický rozbor kosterního souboru z bývalého konventního kostela cisterciáků ve Žďáru nad Sázavou. Již z názvu práce vyplývá, že se jedná o záhadný pohřeb. V prostoru konventního kostela byla druhotně pohřbena skupina mužů, žen i dětí, která zjevně nepatřila k osazenstvu kláštera. Zajímavé je i místo uložení ostatků do prostoru druhého stupně barokního schodiště v bývalé gotické kapli 11000 Panen. Na otázku, kdo byli tito jedinci, se v závěru práce pokusíme odpovědět. Minimální počet dospělých jedinců byl stanoven na 19 a maximální počet na 30. Minimální počet nedospělých jedinců byl stanoven na 4, maximální na 5 jedinců. Na lebkách dospělých jedinců byly sledovány metrické charakteristiky, odhad pohlaví a věku. Na kostech postkraniálního skeletu byly snímány míry potřebné pro odhad pohlaví, u dlouhých kostí souboru též míry pro odhad výšky postavy. Ze získaných výsledků byly spočteny základní statistické údaje a sestaveny přehledné tabulky. Vzhledem k významnosti nálezu a nízkému počtu nalezených kosterních pozůstatků bylo možné přistoupit i ke kompletaci několika koster. Průměrně se ženská část souboru jevila jako brachykranní, hyperplatymerní a euryknemní, ve výšce postavy jako velmi vysoká. Muži se svým průměrem zařadili mezi hyperbrachykranní, hyperplatymerní a euryknemní, ve výšce postavy byli v průměru vysocí, časté zastoupení měla i kategorie velmi vysoký. Svou krátkou lebkou muži i ženy odpovídají středověkým populacím z Čech a Moravy. Naopak výškou postavy, která se ve 13. století výrazně snížila, značně převyšují celoevropský průměr, který odpovídal asi 160 cm. Průměrné hodnoty vybraných lebečních rozměrů a indexů byly spolu s výškou postavy porovnány s podobně datovanými soubory, které poskytovaly údaje potřebné pro srovnání. Vzhledem k velmi nízkému počtu zkompletovaných jedinců nemělo smysl počítat úmrtnostní tabulky.

Abstract:

10. Anglické resumé In the presented graduate diploma work there were examined as well as anthropologically measured secondarily buried skeletal remains from actually former Chapel of 11,000 Maidens situated by the western wall of the former inner cloister of Virgin Marys Assumption in Cistercian monastery in Ždár nad Sázavou. Even the circumstances accompanying the discovery of buried skeletal remains suggested mystical burial. A group of men, women and children, while all listed evidently did not belong to the church community members, was secondarily buried in the church area. What was interesting was the location of the burial; it was the area beneath the second step of the baroque stairs in former gothic chapel of 11,000 Maidens where the remains were discovered. One of the aims, among others, of this work was to identify who were the individuals buried. The work was aimed at reconstructing and documenting the material, its metrical characteristics, comparison with other similarly dated skeletal sets, individual skeletons assembly and confronting works results with historical context. Even though the MNI (minimal number of individuals) was set to 19 adults and 4 juvenile persons it was not possible - due to an insufficient number of metrically measurable bone samples (especially skulls) to proceed to a demographical evaluation. The age analysis implied that the category with the least number of representatives among juvenile persons was infans I. There was not any foetus or child under the age of six months indicated in the given set. It flows from separate parts of juvenile and children skeletons that most of the dead children belonged to the infans II category. The average age children lived to was fixed to 10 years and we classify it into the infans II category. The adult skeletal set from the former church in Ždár nad Sázavou was most frequently consisted of adult age individuals belonging to the category adultus I. On contrary, there was not a single sample from the category senilis. If we consider age measured only according to skull qualities we learn that even the category juvenis same as the category maturus II were not represented, too. The set of metrical data based on skull measurements was not extensive. Since measurable were only 9 male and 3 female skulls. The average measured values proved the individuals comply with standard brachycephalic medieval population. The female individuals were in average brachycranic, male individuals even hyperbrachycranic and further characterised as hypsicranic, tapeinocranic, stenometopní, lepténí, according to eye socket index as mesokonchní and according to nasal index as chamaerhinní. The average measured values with female individuals were unfolded slightly differently. They were appraised chamaecranic, tapeinocranic, stenometopní, according to eye socket index as hypsikonchní and according to nasal index as mesorhinní. The dissonance in results between both sexes could have occurred due to an insufficient number of individuals suitable for metric analysis. In compliance with Sjøvold and Manouvrier method, body heights of both male and female individuals from the set were evaluated as Tall. While a large number of male individuals came under the Very Tall Stature characteristic. Many female individuals fitted Above Medium Tall Stature and some Very Tall Stature characteristics. When contrasted with the comparative skeletal set, the male individuals (from Ždár nad Sázavou) were in average taller and the average height of their female counterparts exceeded half of the female comparative segment. On a basis of femur indexing were males and females were in average identically evaluated as hyperplatymerní, in accordance with tibia indexing the both were classified among euryknemní individuals. From a brief excerpt of carbon-14 dating analysis results, which was sent by Anique Vrsek, a student of Australian National University in Canberra, emer

Abstract:

ged that the individuals in question lived, with 95.4% probability, between 1270 and 1400. Results of mt-DNA analysis proved that individuals in question were relatives. Historical sources revealed to us that the founders of the Cistercian monastery in Ždár nad Sázavou were the family of lords from Obřany and co-founders were the Lichtenberg family. Another family usurping founders rights were the lords of Kunštát. The location where lords of Obřany and lords of Kunštát had their remains buried is known to us, unlike the location of Virgin Marys burial chapel, where the Lichtenbergs placed their deceased relatives, and which was built in an unknown location and torn down during 14th century. What has happened with the buried remains of co-founders is unknown. Considering the above-stated facts, it cannot be excluded that the probable place of former gothic Chapel of 11,000 Maidens could be the place where remains of Lichtenberg family members were buried. The Lichtenbergs was a family that significantly participated in the political events in the Bohemian kingdom during the medieval period.

Keywords

cisterciácký řád, klášter, morfometrie, sekundární pohřeb, odhad minimálního počtu jedinců, odhad dožitého věku, odhad pohlaví, odhad výšky postavy

Language used: Czech

Date on which the thesis was submitted / produced: 1. 6. 2006

Thesis defence

• Date of defence: 27. 6. 2006
• Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Miroslav Králík, Ph.D.

Masaryk University

Faculty of Science

Master programme / field:
Biology / Anthropology