Zvláštní způsoby dokazování v trestním řízení

Mgr. Petr Novák

Diplomová práce

The special ways of probation in criminal procedure

Anotace:

Ve své diplomové práci na téma „Zvláštní způsoby dokazování v trestním řízení“ jsem se snažil popsat jednotlivé druhy těchto důkazních prostředků. Největší prostor jsem věnoval těm důkazním prostředkům, které jsou upraveny v trestním řádu v ustanoveních § 104a až § 104e, tj. konfrontaci, rekognici, vyšetřovacímu pokusu, rekonstrukci a prověrce na místě. Kromě výše zmíněných důkazních prostředků jsem ve své práci uvedl i základní informace o některých dalších zvláštních způsobech dokazování, mezi které lze zařadit odběr a porovnání pachových stop, analýzu DNA a odposlech a záznam telekomunikačního provozu výslovně upravený trestním řádem, ovšem zařazený mezi zajišťovací úkony.

Abstract:

The topic of this thesis is „Special Methods of Evidence in Criminal Procedure“. I have chosen to focus only on methods of evidence in the Czech Republic, so there are described methods that are used and accepted in Czech legal environment. It is obvious that the special methods of evidence differ from country to country due to different legal rules, systems and traditions in each countries. What is considered in one country as method of evidence, can be regarded in another country with different approach as completely other institute of law. With this matter is closely connected a problem of translation of each legal term, therefore the following translations from Czech language are approximate and might be questionable. By the special methods of evidence are above all meant five methods that are regulated by the Criminal Procedural Code (hereinafter „Code“). There is particular part of the Code named „Some Special Methods of Evidence“, where are stated the following five methods - confrontation, recognition (line-up identification), experiment, reconstruction and check at a place. These methods have been introduced to the Code by its amendment with legal force from the 1st of January 2002. There was not any express statutory regulation of any of these methods before the amendment. This has given much more legal certainty to implementation of these evidence. The methods have some common features concerning procedural principles or documentation, but each of them is seperate method with specific attributes. First method is a confrontation. It is a procedural act that is based on psychological situation of two persons arguing face to face, whose testimonies are contradictious. The aim of confrontation is to clear this conflict between the contradictious testimonies by means of situation in which the person is under psychological pressure. Next one is a recognition, which takes place, if there is need to identify a person or an object. The principle of this method resides in fact that the subject cognizes again the person or object, that was perceived in the past. There is necessary condition that the object of the recognition had to be perceived in the past. Another special method of evidence is an experiment. This method is aimed to find out, to verify and to specify if certain fact relevant for the case in question did happen in certain manner or could happen in certain manner and in certain circumstances. The experiment uses to pursue its aim in artificial and repetitive conditions, what makes it dissimilar from other methods. Further, a reconstruction is carried out to examine a testimony of a certain person by way of a renewal of situation and conditions in which a crime was committed or which have substantive relation to a crime. Last but not least is a check at a place. This method is used if it is necessary by a personal presence of suspect, defendant or witness to add or specify facts that are important for criminal procedure and that are related to certain place. There are also some other special methods of evidence that are not regulated in the Code as „Some Special Methods of Evidence“, but can be added to the already mentioned methods. The method of wiretapping, comparison of scent traces and analysis of DNA can be included to those special methods that cannot be considered as a traditional methods of evidence. The purpose of this thesis has been to describe each one of special methods of evidence, to show their particularities, their legal regulation and interpretation, and also to concern some problems, that might arise. It has been considered the criminalistics approach and point of view to these methods as well, because criminalistics deals with preparation, organization and tactic of implementation of those evidence.

Klíčová slova

zvláštní způsoby dokazování, konfrontace, rekognice, vyšetřovací pokus, vyšetřovací experiment, rekonstrukce, prověrka na místě

Jazyk práce: čeština

Datum vytvoření / odevzdání či podání práce: 3. 1. 2007

Obhajoba závěrečné práce

• Obhajoba proběhla 19. 1. 2007
• Vedoucí: doc. JUDr. Alexandr Nett, CSc.

Masarykova univerzita

Právnická fakulta

Magisterský studijní program / obor:
Právo a právní věda / Právo