Právní význam separace manželů

Mgr. Lenka Lenčáková

Master's thesis

Legal Aspects of Separation of Spouses

Abstract:

Cieom mojej práce bolo poukáza na právne aspekty, ktoré sprevádzajú rozhodnutie manželov o zavedení separovanosti v ich doteraz spolonom žití. Niekedy sa jedná v ich vzahu len o opatrenie dočasné a manželia prekonajú vzájomne rozpory, pretože pre nich preváži hodnota vzahu. V iných prípadoch sa jedná o rozhodnutie trvalého charakteru, kedy sa manželia navzájom odcudzia do tej miere, že sa rozhodnú oddeli takmer všetky aspekty spoloného žitia. Stále ich však nejaký spoloný záujem, ktorý im bráni poduja sa ku konenému riešeniu, akým by bol rozvod ich manželstva. Niekedy bývajú týmto posledným spoloným putom deti manželov a ich záujem na tom, aby vyrastali v kompletnej rodine. Prípadne manželia uprednostnia výhodnos majetkového i ekonomického aspektu zotrvania v manželstve, pokia ich spájalo aj spoloné podnikanie. V takejto súvislosti je nutné pripomenú taktiež náboženské presvedenie manželov, ktoré im zabrauje rozviaza zväzok spojený v súlade s ich vyznaním. Hoci rozhodnutie o oddelenom žití býva niekedy len rozhodnutím jedného z manželov, obas pre druhého úplným prekvapením, nevyhnutne sa dotkne oboch partnerov. I keby bolo rozhodnutie výsledkom konštruktívneho dialógu, je potrebné si uvedomi jeho alekosiahle následky. Nejde len osud maloletých detí manželov. Aj ke práve na ich záujem by mali zodpovední rodiia hadie prvoradne a vyhýba sa prenášaniu svojich osobných sporov na deti. Nesporne komplikovaná situácia nastáva pri riešení otázok spoloného bývania, i vzájomných finanných nárokov. V tomto smere je vhodná istá miera opatrnosti už vopred, pred uzatvorením manželstva. Pokia sa k tomu partneri nevyužijú možnosti tzv. predmanželskej zmluvy, je im aj poas trvania manželstva daná možnos zmluvne upravi rozsah spoloného imania. Za situácie, kedy manželia k podobným opatreniam nepristúpili vopred, sú nútení sporné body rieši práve v období, ke vzájomné pochopenie a komunikácia nedosahujú práve ideálnej úrovne pre rozhodovanie, ako naloži s doterajším spoloným životom. Manželia stoja pred otázkou ako rozdeli spoloné úspory, vysporiada sa s hypotékou, ke splátkový kalendár zahruje ešte alších pä, desa rokov... Kedykovek sa je potrebné v priebehu manželského života usporiada vzahy, i už v oblasti spoloného uspokojovania potrieb rodiny a nákladov na spolonú domácnos, rozhodovania o podstatných záležitostiach rodiny, alebo pri vzájomnej vyživovacej povinnosti, ponecháva zákonná úprava povinnos sa vo veci dohodnú. Až v prípade, kedy sa dohoda ukáže ako nemožná rozhodne spornú otázku súd. Napriek nevôli i neschopnosti rieši sporné body nestranne by si mali manželia uvedomi, že vzájomná dohoda je pre nich výhodnejšia. i už z asového hadiska alebo svojím ekonomickým aspektom zvýšených nákladov na súdne konanie. Práve výhodnos dosiahnutia konsenzu v sporných bodoch prostredníctvom dialógu medzi partnermi bola zdôraznená aj na poli Rady Európy. Vo svojom Doporuení .1/1998 sa prikláa k zavádzaniu širšieho využitia alternatívnych metód riešenia manželských a rodinných sporov voi súdnemu jednaniu. Nesporne je však ich reálnemu úinku potrebné prepojenie s autoritatívnym rozhodovaním. Všetky alternatívne metódy sú postavené aspo na minimálne miere ochoty k vzájomnej komunikácie a prostredníctvom iastone usmerovanej diskusie umožujú manželov rieši sporné body oslobodeným od jednostraných postojov. Napriek tomu, že od vydania doporuenia uplynulo takmer osem rokov, v eskej realite ešte nenašlo väšiu odozvu. Napriek neustálej diskusii v odbornej verejnosti, si v praxi nemožno nepovšimnú znanú skromnos využitia takýchto prostriedkov. Uritou nádejou, že sa inštitútu separácie dostane v budúcnosti väšej pozornosti, možno hada v návrhu znenia nového Obianskeho zákonníka. Ten napriek strunej

Abstract:

charakteristike v jedinom ustanovení má snahu napomôc lepšie rieši otázku povinností a práv manželov v ,,prechodnom období. Mojím zámerom bolo takisto porovna platnú eskú úpravu s úpravou talianskou, slovenskou a poskou. Tieto tri krajiny spája na rozdiel od eskej republiky pretrvávajúci vplyv katolíckej viery a jej vplyv na nazeranie spolonosti na tradiné hodnoty akými sú manželstvo a rodina. V Taliansku došlo v posledných desaroiach k znanému uvoneniu pôvodne vemi prísnych pomerov, súvisiacich s rozvodom manželstve. Kým eskú republiku so Slovenskom spája hlavne spoloná minulos a rovnaké základy zákonodarstva, vo vzahu k Posku možno vidie poznaenie všetkých troch krajín spoloným komunistických režimom. Napriek rozsiahlym spoloenským zmenám základným prameom zákonodarstva v týchto krajinách sú právne predpisy pochádzajúce z polovice 60. rokov 20. storoia. V Slovenskej republike došlo síce k prijatiu nového zákona o rodine (.36/2005 Z.z.), ten však v znanej miere stavia na pôvodnej úprave. Vo všetkých krajinách rezonujú snahy o rekodifikáciu danej oblasti zákonodarstva, no prípravne práce sa predlžujú. Najviac vystupujú do popredia podobnosti úprav eskej a slovenskej, ktoré v sebe nachádzajú zdroje vzájomnej inšpirácie, ale aj ich rozdielnosti spôsobené práve postojmi spolonosti. V om sú obe platné úpravy za jedno a zárove sa odlišujú od poskej a talianske úpravy, je práve vynechanie akéhokovek zmienky zákonodarcov o separácii. Je však nutné zdôrazni, že ani poská a talianska úprava nechápu tento inštitút rovnako. Kým pre Talianov predstavuje akýsi predpoklad k rozvodu, v Posku mu priamu súvislos s rozvodom nemožno pripísa.

Abstract:

RESUMÉ This thesis concerns its focus on the legal significance of the separation between spouses. The position of this legal institute is different to that one the institute has in the legal order of Anglo-American countries. Due to the fact of no existence of the legal definition in the legal order of the Czech Republic that would explain this legal institute of civil law and its affects on the relationship between spouses, I try to explain consenquences of such a decision in sphere of the rights and duties that are equal for both spouses, also concerning to the affect on the relationship to their minor child. Futhermore this thesis report on the possibilities to solve disagreements between spouses without imperative deliberation of court and position of these instruments in law in force and existing practice. According to year-long tendency to provide a new code of civil law, I also take a look on the position of separation in the prepared document. Finally I try to compare the reality in Czech Republic with some selected foreign legal orders and also all of them one another. I have choosen Italy, Poland and Slovakia. The first chapter of this thesis aspires to define the meaning of separation. As I mentioned current legislative regulation fail to define the legal meaning. When decided to separate spouses stop to share almost all common aspects in their life. Unwillingness to agree with any decision made by the opposite side and no will to communite is typical for such a period of marriage. It is often really sad to see how spouses relationship has changed. From ,,true love to ,,compalling divergence. The most remarkable sign of some troubble is separate living of spouses. It is neccesary to say that we can not judge such a situation only as a separation. Sometimes it is a compromise leading from different working place, result of ,,student marriage or result of shortage of living means. On the other side, spouses could be separated and live together in one household due to lack of means but living in separte rooms stopping to live sexually together. The only connection of separation with Family Code in force is to the provisions of divorce. Article 24a of Family Code requries on spouses to achieve succesfully judgement of divorce to live separated for six months. On the other side Family Code also enable one of spouses to reach judgement of divorce also in case when the second one is in difficult live situation that would become harder after the divorce. When in such a situation spouses live separatelly for three years the marriage will get divorced. As I mentioned due to the fact of absence of any provision connected to separation is neccesary to look over spouses rights and duties that could be devided into three parts. Following Article 18 of the Family Code the first, personal, rights and duties are comprehended equall for both spouses as the duty to live together, to be faithful to each anotner, respect mutual dignity, help each another, take care for children together and create wholesome household. It is typical when partners break up that they infringe these duties. Sometimes such a behaviour is cause to separation, sometimes a result of decession spouses have made. The second part of rights and duties manage both spouses to care for the family requirements according to their abilities, possibilies and property condictions. The last part connected to the property covers legal institutes like community property, common living espacially joint residential lease of spouses and maintance. This part is really sensitive and disagreements between spouses mostly appear even if they are able to conclude their relationship without disputes, division of property is able to lead partners into hate. On this point it is neccesary to accentuate that instead of separation the marriage still exist until judgement of divorce would become legal in force. We can find also affect in the rights of inheritance and impact on the group of

Abstract:

heirs by intestacy. According to the fact that marriage is consider to be the ground for family, it is important also to look over the conditions into which minor legitimate children live when parents have decided to split. In situation like this is necessary to keep the institute of parent responsibility in original extend. Separation or divorce is most harmful for minors mental health. Wrong behaviour of parents can lead into decession to never grown a family according to experience from childhood. Parents even wont stop before the opportunity to use their minor child like a weapon in mutual conflict. Injured person would become the child. The worst is when the child lives just with one of parents while the another one has left the common household and the child is under the impact of one side. Complicated relationships that occur in the phase of separation also due to the fact of pernament desertation from common household sometimes have complicated results on the afilliation proceeding. The biggest problem in phase of separation is unwilligness of spouses to talk to each another and to achieve a compromise. Traditional civil proceeding can not consider also feelings of contending parties. Regard this fact European Concil has issued the Recommendation no. 1/1998 that appeal to the membership states to improve the position of non-juditional settlements of disputes. Especially should be used the method of mediation due to its advantages comparing to juditional proceeding. The mediation is less time-cost, this proceeding leads parties to communicate and to find a solution that would be conforming for both parties. Such a proceeding is also less expensive. Important role in the whole proceeding plays the mediator whose position is different to position of judge. His role could be definied as a intermediate agent who is lisening to opinions of both parties and is directing mutual communication to the point that would be comforming for both parties. Instead of the fact that the recommendation has been issued eight years before, the mediation is still not wide-used in the practice of Czech Republic. The bigger improve has been made by foundation of the Mediator Assosiation of Czech Republic that offers various services on this field. But it is posssible to say that in the reality mediation is still unknown and unused. Futher more this thesis focus on the position of legal institute of separation de lege ferenda. In the professional public has been discussed for long time the need to adopt new legislative regulation of civil law. The preparation works have started around the year 1993. At the present time has been elaborated full bill reduced to sections also with legal regulation of separation. Article 625 of the new Civil Code aspires to make clear what someone can understand under the concept of separation. In accordance with mentioned article separation is situation when spouses dont form family or marital partnership, irrespective if they have common household while at least one of spouses has no will to renew the marital partnership. The last part of this thesis appears to compare the legal regulation of Czech Republic in force with legal orders of Italy, Slovakia and Poland. Actionally we can find the legal institute of sepration only in the laws of Italy and Poland. In Italy is this institute comprehended as legal ground for divorce and it is consider to be personal separation not proprietary. Italian Family Law differentiate between two types of separation. Judicial separiation is pronounced by judge to spouses petition due to the reason of intolerable living. Contractual separation let the spouses to make a contract that need to be improved by the judicial resolution. After three years spouses are able to request the divorce succesfully. On the another side in Poland is separation an institute that nobody can consolidate to divorce. It should help the spouses to overcome the crisis in their marriage. In Slovakia is the situation comparable to Czech Republic. In the existing legal regulation there is no mention about separation. Futhermore previous works on the new Civil Code has been stopped and the new Family Code adopted in 2005 also doesnt take any breef look on this legal institute.

Keywords

separácia, rozvod manželstva, zverenie do výchovy, mediácia, rekodifikácia súkromného práva, Taliansko, Slovenská Republika, Posko, separation, divorce, award to custody of children, mediation, Civil Law recodification, Italy, Slovakia, Poland

Language used: Czech

Date on which the thesis was submitted / produced: 6. 4. 2006

Thesis defence

• Date of defence: 5. 5. 2006
• Supervisor: doc. JUDr. Zdeňka Králíčková, Ph.D.

Masaryk University

Faculty of Law

Master programme / field:
Law and Legal Science / Law