Právní úprava obchodní firmy v ČR

Mgr. Michal Jadrníček

Master's thesis

Legal regulation of trade name in the Czech Republic

Anotácia:

Tématem mé diplomové práce je právní úprava obchodní firmy v České republice. Ve své diplomové práci vysvětluji v první kapitole základní pojmy. Stručný popis vývoje právní úpravy firemního práva od 18. století do současnosti podávám v kapitole druhé. Zejména se zaměřuji na stav do roku 2001 a rozdíly oproti současné úpravě. Krátký historický exkurz je potřebný pro plné pochopení současné úpravy. Ve třetí kapitole pojednávám o funkcích obchodní firmy. Na výklad o funkcích navazuji ve čtvrté kapitole podrobným popisem základních zásad firemního práva, které jsou s funkcemi nerozlučně spjaty. Jádrem mé práce jsou kapitoly pět a šest. Podle subjektů se rozlišují obchodní firmy na obchodní firmu podnikatelů – fyzických osob a na firmu osob právnických. Z tohoto rozdělení vycházím při výkladu o tvorbě firmy a popisu její struktury. Značnou pozornost věnuji změně, převodu a přechodu firmy a institutu staré firmy. Obchodní firma by nemohla existovat ani plnit svoje funkce bez právní ochrany. V sedmé kapitole podrobně rozebírám absolutní ochranu podle ustanovení firemního práva a relativní ochranu poskytovanou právem proti nekalé soutěži. Na závěr kapitoly stručně v bodech uvádím další prostředky ochrany.Jedním z diplomových úkolů bylo pojednat o cizí úpravě obchodního jména nebo firmy. Po konzultaci s vedoucí diplomové práce jsem zařadil do osmé kapitoly právní úpravu v Polsku. Při popisu firmy v Polsku jsem postupoval stejně jako v předchozích kapitolách o české úpravě.Hlavním cílem diplomové práce je zevrubný rozbor ustanovení obchodního zákoníku o obchodní firmě doplněný o vhodná soudní rozhodnutí. V závěru práce jsem se snažil shrnout zkoumanou problematiku a uvedl jsem své návrhy de lege ferenda.

Abstract:

The theme of my diploma thesis is Legal regulation of trade name in the Czech Republic. The dissertation is focused on the general interpretation of the trade name. In the brief statement I dealt with development of the trade name adjustment in the Czech Republic system of law. The base of this thesis should consist in the legal analysis of the trade name regulation as is stated in the Commercial Code and a part of my thesis should also discourse about an arrangement of some foreign trade name according to my own choice – I decided for the Polish system. The conclusion of my dissertation includes the complete summary of surveyed dilemma and my proposals de lege ferenda. The basic notion of the dissertation is defined in the first chapter, the trade name is regulated in § 8-12 of the Commercial Code. The trade name is defined in § 8 part 1 of the Commercial code: “Trade name (also referred to as “Commercial name” or “business name”) is designation under which an entrepreneur is entered into the Commercial Register.” The second part includes a brief description of the development of a corporate law from the 18th century till the present time. I especially aimed at the situation up to the year 2001 and differences with current form. Functions of the trade name are contained in the third part. The most important one is individualisation. Its indispensableness results from the need of protecting the entrepreneurs’ interests. The trade name provides information from which we can receive basic imagine about the entrepreneur, that means if it is a natural person or legal entity and what it is the form of a legal entity. The continuously following function is the protection function. Being once entered on the Commercial Register the trade name has been absolutely protected by a law of trade name and nobody can use interchangeable or even the same trade name. In relation to consumers and customers the trade name also accomplishes significant guaranty and promotion function. The fourth part adjusts trade name principles. The Commercial Code explicitly determines three principles – duty of the trade name in § 8, part 1, non-interchangeability and truthfulness in § 10, part 1. The juridical science forms other principles such as for instance clarity, uniformity, corporate strictness and freedom as well.Chapters number five and six create the base of my diploma thesis. The trade name consists of a trade name basis and trade name addendums which can be obligatory (for instance an addendum expressing a legal form of this corporation) or optional at entrepreneurs – natural persons. In case the natural person has got the same name as an entrepreneur undertaking business activity in the same place, this natural person is obliged to complete its name with a data sufficiently differencing the trade name addendum according to the § 9, part 1 of the Commercial Code. The trade name basis includes the entrepreneur’s name that is for his identification. The trade name basis can be divided into personal, material, mixing and imaginational. The trade name addendum is an integral part of the trade name, having had specifying and describing function that helps with identification.The § 9 of the Commercial Code strictly states that the natural person’s name shall be its first name and surname. Natural persons – entrepreneurs being registered in the Commercial register can differentiate its corporation by an trade name addendum. The personal, material or imaginational trade name addendum becomes obligatory in case the entrepreneur – natural person has got the same name with other entrepreneur undertaking business activity at the same place. The § 9, part 2 of the Commercial Code is the basic statement for creation of a legal entity trade name: “The trade name of a business company, partnership or cooperative is the name under which it is entered in the Commercial Register. The trade name of a legal entity which is subject

Abstract:

to entry in the Commercial Register on the basis of other statutory provisions and which was established prior to such entry shall be its designation. The trade name of a legal entity must also include an addendum designating its legal form.”Established trade name has got an indispensable value. The institute of an “old trade name” has arisen due to the fact that during its existence the trade name has becomean significant economic value. It is a significant instrument for its identification and individualization on which the company’s clients are relating to. The old trade name is usually connected with good reputation; it has got intangible and independently incalculable value consisting of the corporate popularity, custom base, production of such quality, etc. In case of an owner change, there can be a great interest from the side of new acquirer to make business under the old trade name and it is the reason why the jurisdiction enables conversion or transfer although we are in the discrepancy with the principle of trueness. The protection of the trade name is described in part seven. Firstly I deal with the protection according to the § 12 of the Commercial Code. The absolute protection consists on the fact that each subject which rights have been unjustifiably infringed may demand for the protection against all who has committed such act in the court. With respect to the § 12 ofthe Commercial Code the one that was taken umbrage at his rights by unlawful use of the trade name may demand claims as follows: abstention from dealing, removing claim, issue of unjustified enrichment, granting of appropriate satisfaction, compensatory damages, and besides that the court may even without the proposal admit to the participant whose proposal was satisfied, the right to publish judgement at the expenses of the participant unsuccessful in the legal process. The legal protection against unfair competition is the second type of protection (according to § 53 of the Commercial Code). The eight chapter is dedicated to the trade name legal form in Poland

Kľúčové slová

obchodní firma, obchodní jméno, obchodní právo, firemní právo

Jazyk práce: Czech

Datum vytvoření / odevzdání či podání práce: 1. 4. 2008

Obhajoba závěrečné práce

• Obhajoba proběhla 21. 5. 2008
• Vedúci: JUDr. Eva Večerková, Ph.D.

Masaryk University

Faculty of Law

Master programme / odbor:
Law and Legal Science / Law