The Problem of the Measurement and Dynamics of the Poverty Level in Russia and Worldwide

Karina Kazykhanova

Bakalářská práce

Abstract:

Czech University of Life Sciences PragueFaculty of Economics and Management Bachelor thesisThe Problem of the Measurement and Dynamics of the Poverty Level in Russia and WorldwideKarina Kazykhanova © 2018 ČZU v Praze Summary: The work consists of several parts. At the beginning, objects and methodology are identified. The objectives of the thesis are written in the Objectives section. The methodology describes the types of measurement that help to understand and deeper the problem of work. The theoretical part explains what is chu-time, its concepts, indicators, demographic characteristics. Furthermore, the question of poverty in America, what causes poverty in America, income distribution and relative poverty, poverty level by age, race or ethnic origin, marital status; the poverty problem in Russia, the extent of poverty in Russia, the depth of poverty, the structure, the georaphy, how it is measured, its causes. The theoretical part follows the practical part. Options to tackle the problem of poverty, government policies to combat poverty in Russia, overcoming poverty and reducing inequalities in income and consumption in Russia, social inequality within limits and incomes per capita, social inequality in consumption, measures to overcome poverty and reduce social inequality in income and consumption and as an example is the calculation of the per capita income of the family (the average monthly income of the citizen) in Russia, so that we know which income a person must have in order not to be called the poor.Keywords:poverty, concept, goals, causes, Russia, USA, reduction, inequality, income, budgetObjective and Methodology:The aim of this work is to consider the mechanism for identifying and overcoming poverty, such as the USA and Russia.Methodology:1) A study on budgetary standards [10]2) The American Standard for Poverty - a "folder and multiplier" approach [2]3) Different poverty standards can be derived from expenditure data [3]4) Income thresholds are most commonly used by governments of Member States and international organizations such as the EU or the OECD [13]6) Townsend (1979) promoted the use of social indicators to create poverty threshold relative deprivation was defined when the family lacked three or more deprivation indicators. [13].7) Subjective measures [13] 8) Combination: More recently, there is awareness of the use value over one measure of poverty at the same time [7]Theoretical part: The absolute concept of poverty is based on a comparison of the minimum requirements that must be met and the amount of resources needed to meet these needs. [14] The relative concept of poverty is based on the ratio of wealth to the level of material security. The subjective concept of poverty was developed in the 1970s. economists and statisticians at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. This approach to the definition of poverty is based on the hypothesis that people are involved. [1] In order to change the income inequality, the M. Lorenz curve is used, reflecting the uneven distribution of income groups. [20] An indicator of the extent of inequality inequality is the Ginny coefficient. [9] The main indicators of poverty are the formula proposed by James Foster, Joel Greer and Eric Torbeke. [6] The poverty index makes it possible to estimate how relative poverty is lower. [2] Orshansky made calculations based on data from the US Department of Agriculture to find out how much money the American family spends on food. [17]Practical part:The main goal of overcoming absolute poverty is to ensure maximum employment, to increase the efficiency of the work of the workers, to create conditions for the possibility of acquiring and maintaining the family. It is appropriate in reforming pensions, financing healthcare and education, moving to private ownership of housing and c

Abstract:

ommunal services and introducing market prices for housing and communal services. If Russia introduces compulsory deductions from wages and income from retirement, health insurance, real estate taxes, then it will be necessary to index wages to avoid a decline in real income. With tax reform, all families with a per capita income below the living minimum should be exempt from tax, transferred from the same income tax to everyone on the taxpayer profile. Income tax should not be taken from a person but from a family. And if the per capita income per family is below the subsistence minimum, this income is exempt from tax. And with the increase in wages and total income, the tax rate increases step by step. The upcoming development by 2025 can be divided into two stages. The first - by 2020. For these three years, the living minimum should be raised to 12 thousand rubles. and to tighten the minimum wage to this level. Already in 2019, a new tax system should start to work, in which I hope the poor will be exempted from paying taxes, allowing some of them to leave the group. By 2020, the number of people with low incomes of 13% could now be reduced to 8-10%.Conclusion:The people of all countries in the world deserve a good standard of living, it is one part of the happiness of life. I very much hope that countries in need of changes in existing policies will change for the better. It's not an easy way, but it's worth it. It is important to emphasize that overcoming poverty is not a charitable social measure, it is primarily a means of increasing the productivity of human work, increasing its contribution to the economy and creating a gross domestic product. I believe the increase in the average salary to 50 thousand rubles. will make more profitable activities on the quality of work, the use of technological and organizational innovations. In this respect, a program should be developed to reduce low productivity jobs and retraining qualified professions with higher wages. Conversion scales, awarding skills, learning new professions should be increased several times, first and foremost, in order to create a workforce that will efficiently use new technologies and rebuilding processes backward for the industry today, such as energy, transport, engineering, light industry, in parts and agriculture. These investments in knowledge, especially in the skills and abilities of the people, are extremely important for increasing labor productivity and ensuring economic growth. At the same time, it will result in a significant reduction in the number of jobs with low productivity and consequently low wages.References:1. The course of economic theory: a teaching aid. Z. ed., Pererab.i ext. / The hands of the author's collective and the scientific editor of prof. A.V. Sidorovich. - Moscow: Publishing House "Business and Service".2. Economics: Textbook 3rd ed., Pererab. and additional. Ed. Dr. econ. Sciences prof.A.S. Bulatova. - Moscow: The Economist, 2003.3. Economic theory: Textbook. / IN AND. Antipin, I.E. Belousova, R.V. Bublikova [and others]; Ed. I.P. Mykolaeva. - 2 nd ed., Pererab. and additional. - Moscow: TK Velby, Pub-lishing House Prospect, 2007.4. Chernina NV Poverty as a Social Phenomenon of Russian Society // Socis - 1994- p.575. Dagbaeva S.D.N. Psychological aspects of overcoming poverty problems // History and culture of nomadic civilizations in Central Asia. BSC Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2000.-P.73.6. Т.А. Fedotovskaya "The problem of poverty in modern Russia" // Analytical Herald of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation. -2003. - No. 20 (213).7. N.P. Popov "How to measure poverty" / / Magazine "The world of measurements" N3, 2008.8. A short course of lectures on economic theory (Shevchuk Denis Alexandrovich, 2014)9. Razumov AA, Yagodkina MA Poverty in modern Russia. - M: The formula of law, 200710. Analysis of poverty in Russia: Necessity of unity of economic, sociological and demo-graphic approach. A.B. Berendeeva11. http://www.sociologydeep.ru/ 12. The level and profile of poverty in Russia: from the 1990's to the present day (Ovcha-rova L.N.)13. Measurement and analysis of poverty (Alin Kuduel, Jesko S. Hendshel and Quentin T. Wadon)14. Poverty and the poor in modern Russia (M.K. Gorshkov, NE Tikhonova)15. Poverty and inequality population income in Russia and abroad (Livshits V.N.)16. Poverty and its dimension (Sychova V.S.)17. Abel Smith, B. and Townsend, P. (1965) The Poor and the Poorest, London: Bell.18. Bernstein, J. et al. (2000) How much is enough? Basic Family Budgets for Working Families, Washington: Economic Policy Institute.19. Citro, C. and Michael, R. (eds) (1995) Measuring poverty: a new approach, National Academy Press, Washington DC20. Dirven, H-J et al. (2000) Income Poverty and Social Exclusion in the EU Member States: TASK 4. Paper presented at the Working Group Statistics on Income, Social Exclu-sion and Poverty, April 20000.

Keywords

poverty, causes, income

Jazyk práce: angličtina

Datum vytvoření / odevzdání či podání práce: 15. 3. 2018

Obhajoba závěrečné práce

• Vedoucí: Ing. Petr Procházka, MSc Ph.D.

Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze

Provozně ekonomická fakulta

Bakalářský studijní program / obor:
Economics Policy and Administration / Business Administration