Počátky středověkého osídlení na česko-slezském pomezí východně Krkonoš (se zvláštním zřetelem k JV Podkrkonoší)

Mgr. Ondřej Wolf, Ph.D.

Disertační práce

The origin of medieval settlement in the Czech - Silesian borderland eastwards the Giant Mountains

Anotace:

Předkládaná disertační práce je věnována problematice počátků vrcholně středověkého osídlení v té oblasti severovýchodních Čech, která tvoří součást česko slezského pomezí východně Krkonoš. Zvolená tématika nachází své opodstatnění v již téměř půl století probíhajícím výzkumu sídelně historických aspektů ekonomicko sociálních strukturálních změn, jimiž pozdně přemyslovská monarchie spolu s přilehlými regiony procházela ve 13. a v 1. polovině 14. století. Nutno ovšem podotknout, že i přes modelové výsledky získané intenzivním průzkumem dílčích regionů (např. Mostecko) tento směr medievistického bádání ještě neodpověděl na všechny dosud kladené otázky. Cílem práce je proto vyrovnání se s dosud přijímanými názory na vznik a průběh výstavby středověkého osídlení ve východním a zejména v jihovýchodním Podkrkonoší, a to na základě dostupné písemné archeologické materie. Jeho dalším cílem je argumentačně podpořit některé nové pohledy na počátky urbanizace, formování hospodářského zázemí vznikajících měst, počátky opevněných sídel v regionu nebo na vývoj a vztahy hmotné kultury (keramika) k domácímu i zahraničnímu prostředí.

Abstract:

The origin of medieval settlement in the Czech Silesian borderland eastwards the Giant Mountains The thesis discusses some broad culturehistorical aspects of the development of the medieval settlement pattern in the upland region laying outside the Bohemian traditional settlement area. Based on critical research of the available archaeological and written evidence it brings the new view of formation of urban settlement and material culture. It is mainly concentrated on the 13th century. In historiography this period is commonly connected with deep social economic changes of the central European countries. At the present time it seems very probably that the region between the Giant Mountains and the Stone Mountains was created with specific unsettled territory before the 13th century. Inspite of absence so called pre- location settlement evidence it is nevertheless clear that the making of high medieval settlement structure was above all in connection with German law colonisation. This fact determined the urbanisation process as a whole, although its field was concentrated mainly on periferic Bohemian regions without complicated preceding property relationships. According to written records the foundation pre-urban central places (villae forenses) took place around the half of the 13th century in sovereign, church and nobility domains. It can be said that location both of them and their c ountry hinterland at the same time represented progressive form of medieval settlement building in Bohemian milieu. These activities originally connected with settlement patterns from Saxonic and Lausatian lands (and partially intermediated by Silesia) were important condition of further social development based on economical and administrative relationships between town and its hinterland (Weichbild). It was proved that border areas such Trutnov-, Broumov- and Kamienna Góra region belonged to this sphere. Critical analysis of historical records has shown that in the settlement development we can see two dominating trends: growing density of villages - in supposed chronological frame from the 2nd half of the 13th century to the half of the 14th century - and some changes in the space structure of central places. The present day picture of the development of urban structure of Trutnov and surrouding settlement net can serve as an example. The economic and strategic interests of Bohemian aristocracy, Trutnovs burghers and Czech kings are evident in the development described below: the first level of development was created with location of Trutnov (Úpa) with its primary settlement hinterland and small fortificated sites of nobility from Švábenice, the second level was represented with the abandment of nobility sites and growing amount of new villages. In their structure new fortificated vassal manors appeared after kings occupation of that territory (beginning of vasal system). We can see that changes took place either on settlement macrolevel or on microlevel. Archaelogical and written evidence of medieval Trutnov make us clear about the difficulties in development of the medieval town. There was given reason for a hypothesis that Trutnov (Úpa) was originally unsuccesfully located in contemporary Horní Staré Město by Trutnov and around the half of the 13th century translocated onto the new more suitable place upon the river Úpa. Moreover the inner structure of early citizens architecture as well as town parcel development were not stabilized before the 1st half of the 14th century. Archaeological evidence acquired from the nord-west part of towns core in the 80s of the 20th century proved that apparently. It is known that high medieval urbanisation process in central Europe could take place in mineral source area (south-west Silesia, north Moravia and Czech Silesia, central Bohemia). That is why we pose the question to what extent the natural sources of studied region were in causal and chronological relationship with beginnings of thi

Abstract:

s process. Unfortunately we miss unambiguous historical proofs. Undirect evidence only results from toponymical records from the 1st half of 14th century. Archaeological field work on the present visible mining relics laying on the south-east foothills of the Ginat Mountains brought just a younger proofs of exploitation. These are connected however with the 16th century. Further it can be prooved that natural sources in general were used in another way. The exploatation of wooden sources in the 1th half of the 14th century near the upper Labe river for large tar production was clearly prooved thanks to the field prospection. One of the potentional medieval craft in this area could be represented with glass production too. Its archaeological remains from west Giant Mountains are dated to 16 century. Written records however bring evidence for its earlier functioning (14th century). On the basis of microanalysis of matrix pottery it was suggested that local medieval ceramic production in district of Trutnov was depended on utilizing of local natural sources too. The structure of matrix legitimize the opinion that identical sources determined distribution of so called red coloured pottery in Bohemia from the 13th to the 15th century. Analysis, chronology and distribution of medieval ceramic assamblages became one of the further objectives of this work. Probably from the end of the 13th century pottery production in Trutnov district became the part of the production sphera of Bohemian red coloured pottery. However the origin of high medieval ceramic as well as settlement in studied territory is connected above all with inland traditional production in early medieval fashion. Around the year 1400 technological groups changed: old fashioned ceramic group was replaced by late medieval technological group. This one became a leading group of the 2nd half of the 15th and 1st half of the 16th century. Typological development was very similar to that in north-west and north Bohemia and partially to Silesia. Perhaps minor part of late medieval technological groups proves interregional market contacts (we register evidence about ceramic group probably from north Moravia production sphera). The local pottery production became part of products serving not only in the town but in its natural hinterland too. In the present day it seems that pottery is the only material proof of market relationships. Topography of material remians of other crafts contrasts with number of prooved crafts in written records. The main reason for this resulted both in archaeological transformation processes and in frequency of archaeological research.

Klíčová slova

Mladší středověk, severovýchodní Čechy, Slezsko, dějiny osídlení, archeologie, kolonizace, exploatace krajiny, město, tvrz, ves, řemeslo, keramika Late Middle Ages, north-east Boheamia, Silesia, settlement history, archaeology, colonisation, exploatation of landscape, town, motte, village, craft, ceramics

Jazyk práce: čeština

Datum vytvoření / odevzdání či podání práce: 21. 6. 2006

Obhajoba závěrečné práce

• Obhajoba proběhla 21. 6. 2006
• Vedoucí: prof. PhDr. Zdeněk Měřínský, CSc.

Masarykova univerzita

Filozofická fakulta

Doktorský studijní program / obor:
Historické vědy / Archeologie