"Democratic backsliding" na příkladu Polska

Marie VONDERČÍKOVÁ

Bachelor's thesis

"Democratic backsliding" - the case of Poland

Abstract:

Konzervativní strana Právo a spravedlnost vládne v Polsku od roku 2015. Jako opozice v letech 2007 až 2015 útočila na tehdejší vládu, která údajně zničila Polsko, a proto byly potřeba reformy - především v soudnictví, jež bylo až příliš ovlivněné komunistickou minulostí Polska. Novely zákonů, představené stranou Právo a spravedlnost, avšak zlepšení nepřinesly - ba naopak: během vlády strana ovládla soudnictví natolik, že ztratilo svoji nezávislost. Různými kroky, někdy i protiústavními, dosadila do soudů své soudce, popřípadě se snažila zbavit těch, kteří jí stáli v cestě. Strana ovládla také veřejná média a do vedení se dostali lidé se silnými vazbami na stranu. K posouzení, zda a do jaké míry v zemi dochází k democratic backsliding, využívám teorie od autorky Nancy Bermeo a autorů Ellen Lust a Davida Waldnera, teorii zakotvené demokracie od Wolfganga merkela a také indexy Nations in Transition od Freedom House a The Democracy Index od The Economist.

Abstract:

The conservative Law and Justice party has ruled Poland since 2015. As the opposition between 2007 and 2015, the party was targeting the former government, which allegedly destroyed Poland, and therefore reforms were needed - especially in the judiciary, which was too influenced by Poland's communist past. However, the amendments to the laws introduced by the Law and Justice party did not bring any improvement - quite the opposite: during the rule of the party, the judiciary has become so dominated by the party that it has lost its independence. The party has taken various steps, sometimes unconstitutional, to install its own judges in the courts or to get rid of those who stood in its way. The party has also taken control of the public media, and people with strong links to the party have been put in charge. To evaluate whether and to what extent democratic backsliding is occurring in the country, I use the theories of author Nancy Bermeo and authors Ellen Lust and David Waldner, Wolfgang Merkel's theory of embedded democracy, and indexes such as Nations in Transition by Freedom House and The Democracy Index by The Economist.

Keywords

Právo a spravedlnost, Polsko, democratic backsliding, reformy soudnictví, nezávislost soudnictví

Language used: Czech

Date on which the thesis was submitted / produced: 19. 6. 2023

Accessible from:: 31. 12. 2999

Thesis defence

• Date of defence: 29. 8. 2023
• Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Vincenc Kopeček, Ph.D.

University of Ostrava

Faculty of Science

Bachelor programme / field:
Geography / Political and Cultural Geography