Nezletilé dítě a rozvod rodičů (psychologické a právní aspekty)

Mgr. Kateřina Hromková

Master's thesis

Infant and Divorce of Parents.Psychological and Legal Aspects.

Abstract:

Cílem mé diplomové práce je rozbor rozvodu manželství jak z pohledu právního, tak z pohledu psychologického. K splnění tohoto vytyčeného cíle jsem si vzala na pomoc názory vycházející z rozhodovací praxe soudců a také názory psychologů a psychiatrů, kteří se věnují problémům dětí z rozvedených rodin. Ať rodiče chtějí, či nechtějí a ať si to uvědomují, či nikoliv, je dítě vystavováno při rozpadu rodiny zvláštnímu druhu psychické zátěže, jejíž důsledky nejsou často rozpoznány včas ani vlastními rodiči. Nejde totiž o důsledky, které by se projevovaly často bezprostředně a okamžitě, ale o mechanismy, které se začnou projevovat ve vzorcích chování dítěte třeba až v období puberty, či dokonce až na začátku dospělosti dítěte. Obecně se předpokládá, že po rozvodu dojde k uklidnění konfliktní situace, ovšem je nutno si uvědomit, že rozvodem manželství nedochází k naprostému přerušení a vymizení všech rodinných vztahů. V naprosté většině manželství pokračuje atmosféra plná napětí a stresu, které se formálně projevuje v často nekonečně opakovaných se soudních řízeních o určení styku s dítětem a v soudních sporech o výživné. Dítě se tak opakovaně dostává do středu těchto sporů a je často rodiči používáno jako prostředek partnerské války po rozvodu Každá konkrétní fáze rozvodu, tedy i to co mu předchází, a to co po něm následuje, si sebou přináší specifika jak z oblasti právní, tak z oblasti psychologické. Z tohoto důvodu jsem strukturálně svoji práci striktně nerozdělila na část právní a část psychologickou, ale na vzájemně se prolínající právní a psychologické aspekty, a to v takovém sledu v jakém přicházejí ve skutečném životě. Rozvod je problémem, který se vyskytuje v naší společnosti až příliš často a jako takový má velký vliv na všechny jeho účastníky, a proto jsem chtěla zjistit zda existují nějaké možnosti řešení rozvodové a porozvodové situace, která by konkrétnímu trápení dětí buď zcela zamezila, a nebo je alespoň z velké části zmírnila.

Abstract:

The main theme of the presented diploma work is divorce of marriage with focus on its influence on psychic, behaviour and the following development of minor children growing up in such enviroment. The work discusses the most essential possibilieties of legal protection of these children as well as psychological recommendations of suitable approach of parents to children in each phase of divorce. My diploma work is divided into several parts, which corresponds with chronological development of divorce. As first, the crisis in the family which precedes the divorce and psychological aspects connected are discussed. Further, the presented thesis deals with legal side of divorce which is integrated with psychological projection and the last part analyses concrete consequences of divorce and their impact on after-divorce children. The presented thesis is worked out with focus on minor children. The final part of my work encloses with perspective from de lege ferenda point of view. In nowadays society, divorce has become an entirely common case. High level of divorce rate leads to growing number of children who have experienced divorce of their parents. In last twenty years divorce became a sociological event of such importance in the lives of children that it is vital to understand the feelings and behaviour of all affected and from this point of view also to improve the relevant legislation. The great changes after 1989 in Czech republic in consequence influenced also family behaviour. In context of these crucial changes, courts deal with questions until then completely unknown. Partially, the Amendment of Family Act from 1998, which increased the protection of minor children in connection with divorce of their parents, adjusted the legislation to the new situation. From effectiveness of the above mentioned Amendment of Family Act from 1998 it is no more possible to divorce the marriage until the decision of court about settlement of the relationship to minor children after divorce comes into legal force. Another expression of protection of minor children in marriage is the posibility of court to reject the divorce in case that it would be in conflict with interest of minor children, given by specific grounds. Also installation of alternate and common bringing up of children is a great acquisition of the above mentioned Amendment. Nowadays, we have to state, that it is necessary to modify some of the institutes connected with divorce more fairly, comprehensively and with reference to wider context. The prepared recodification of Civil Code partially solves these problems since family law according the recodification again becomes the part of Civil Code, family law is regulated till now in special Act No. 94/1963 Coll., about family. Since family law was initially the part of civil law, after second World War by Act 265/1949 Coll., it was separated and understood as a separate branch of law and from civil law different legal branch. In my opinion, since family law by its disposition belongs to civil law, it would be useful to place it back to the prepared recodification of Civil Code as it is already planned. According to prepared recodification of Civil Code the legal adaptation of divorce and issues connected, in our focus of interest – the adaptation of protection of minor children in connection to divorce – will contain significant institute which will oblige the court deciding about the divorce, to advise the couple to exploit the help of “mediator”. The institute of mediation is above all mediate negotiation and solving conflicts arising from arranging affairs connected to divorce, e.g. type of care about children, which will be chosen for minor children for the time after divorce and approved by judgment. The contemporary Czech legal adaptation such possibility or recommendation does not contain. Other EU states have lot of experience with using of mediation, this type of solving conflicts is widely exploited, its ada

Abstract:

ptation to our legal system would be definitely a great asset. From experience with this type of solving conflicts results that its using considerably reduces parent conflicts, secures continuity in personal relationships between parents and children, reduces the time necessary for reconciling conflicts and decreases social and economical costs of divorce. The next possibility how to ensure more effective arrangement and consequently more integrated and consistent judicial decisions follows from present jurisprudence, from which is obvious a certain difference in judicial practice of the courts as to the award of custody of a minor or in relation to the amount of defined alimony. Such discrepancies occur mainly because of missing of any unified criteria, at least in form of a supporting judicial guideline, as it is in other European countries. In Czech republic, there is no authority which would deal with unification of judicial decisions and therefore there is no accurate information about the fact how the decisions of individual courts differ. There is a space for improvement which would bring positive effect, with regard to effort of society to consider jurisprudence regarding this field of law to be highly important. Most of divorced parents neglect or underestimate the extent, seriousness and duration of trauma of a child caused by divorce and therefore state should as much as possible reinforce the social need for protection of minor children in case of split of marriage, divorce and after divorce by specific provision.

Keywords

Zákon o rodině, občanský soudní řád, nezletilé dítě, rodina, rozvodové řízení, práva a povinnosti rodičů vůči nezletilým dětem, právní ochrana dětí, svěření dítěte do péče, výchova, výživné, znalecké posudky, orgán sociálně právní ochrany dětí

Language used: Czech

Date on which the thesis was submitted / produced: 7. 9. 2007

Thesis defence

• Date of defence: 10. 9. 2007
• Supervisor: JUDr. Drahomíra Houbová, CSc.

Masaryk University

Faculty of Law

Master programme / field:
Law and Legal Science / Law