Vývojové tendence mezinárodního práva soukromého v evropském kontextu

Mgr. Marek Šimka

Master's thesis

Evolutionary trends of private international law in european context

Abstract:

Cieľom tejto práce je zhodnotiť jednu zo stránok tejto integrácie a smer, ktorým sa vyvíja. Keď obrátime zrak z minulosti späť do súčasnosti, ocitneme sa vo svete (post)moderných štátov s vyvinutými právnymi poriadkami, v dobe technologickej vyspelosti, ktorá mnohonásobne zväčšila naše schopnosti ako druhu. Niet preto divu, že zvýšená mobilita viedla k nárastu súkromnoprávnych vzťahov, v ktorých má niektorý z jeho prvkov väzbu na iný ako národný právny poriadok subjektu tohto vzťahu. Medzinárodné právo súkromné má v integrovanej Európe svoje nezameniteľné miesto. Od toho, ako sú nastavené jeho pravidlá, závisí voľnosť pohybu tovaru, služieb, osôb i kapitálu, teda fungovanie vnútorného trhu – chrbtovej kosti a hlavného motora integrácie. Preto je dnes medzinárodné právo súkromné predmetom zvýšeného záujmu Európskeho spoločenstva i jeho členských štátov. Hypotézou tejto práce je tvrdenie, že Európske spoločenstvo disponuje potrebnými právomocami na to, aby v čo najširšom rozsahu regulovalo európske medzinárodné právo súkromné. Okrem iného to znamená aj už vyššie uvedený názor, že medzinárodné právo súkromné a jeho pravidlá sú schopné pozitívne alebo negatívne vplývať na uplatňovanie štyroch hlavných slobôd charakteristických pre vnútorný trh. Tieto hypotézy overíme metódou analýzy. Analyzované budú všetky relevantné a potrebné zdroje, akými sú historické pramene, právne normy i vedecké texty. Cieľom tejto práce je popri overení jej hypotézy snaha rozoznať základný smer, ktorým sa uberá vývoj medzinárodného práva súkromného v európskom kontexte a tento zhodnotiť. Práca je systematicky členená na štyri časti (kapitoly 2 – 5). V kapitole 2 sú spracované východiská a dôvody európskej integrácie, v kapitole 3 je vysvetlené miesto medzinárodného práva súkromného v systéme Európskeho spoločenstva, kapitola 4 pojednáva o súčasnom stave z právneho hľadiska a kapitola 5 sumarizuje doterajší vývoj a naznačuje jeho ďalšie pokračovanie.

Abstract:

This diploma thesis deals with several topics, which are all connected to private international law in the European context. Its main part systematically consists of four chapters (Chapters 2 – 5). The Chapter 2, titled The European Integration covers both history and reasons for European integration. It also contains explanations for basic principles of functioning of the European Community as well as process of its development. The reasons for establishing of the European Community are viewed to be connected mostly with economic factors and political factors were present, too. The Chapter 3 deals with explaining the connection between the private international law and functioning of internal market. This chapter shows that free move of goods, services, persons and capital is subject to rules of private international law (not only administrative or tax law, as it was supposed in the beginning). Following this explanation the history of Community actions in the field of Private International Law is looked at. Regarding Private International Law several milestones are clearly identifiable: the Brussels I Convention and the Rome I Convention both concluded under the Article 293 of the EC Treaty, the Maastricht Treaty on European Union creating a system of pillars and the Amsterdam Treaty, shifting the area of Private International Law under the competence of the European Community. These can be supplemented with Vienna Action Plan, Tampere European Council and Brussels European Council. The Chapter 4 addresses to several topics connected with present provisions of the EC Treaty. At first, relations of the Article 65 to the Article 95 and 293 are inquired. Another question arisen from the Article 65 concerns whether the Community is entitled to use directives or regulations in a process of unification of the Private International Law. Next interesting topic is the special legislative procedure under the Article 67. The rest three topics covered by Chapter 4 are Role of the European Court of Justice, Position of Demark, United Kingdom and Ireland and EC and the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Final Chapter of the thesis concerns The Hague Programme, present and preparatory legislation, consideration on the modality of adopting one comprehensive Codex of Private International Law rather then several Regulations that deal only with a single area of Private International Law. The last point of the Chapter 5 is Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007. The aim of this thesis was to prove whether the Community institutions are properly authorised to act in the field of unification of Private International Law between the Member States. To our best consideration it seems that this hypothesis was correct, even despite some problems with interpretation of several provisions of the EC Treaty. The powers transferred from Member States to the Community entitle the Community to adopt measures in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters having cross-border implications, to be taken in so far as necessary for the proper functioning of the internal market, that shall include promoting the compatibility of the rules applicable in the Member States concerning the conflict of laws and of jurisdiction. The transfer of these powers is based on Article 65, which has been included into the EC Treaty by the Amsterdam Treaty (1997, entry into force 1999). The Article 65 is a part of the Title IV of the EC Treaty labelled "Visas, Asylum, Immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons". According to the Article 61 of the Title IV, in order to establish progressively an area of freedom, security and justice, the Council shall adopt measures in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters as provided for in Article 65. Another aim of this thesis was identifying main evolutionary trends of Private Internatio

Abstract:

nal Law in European context. One of these trends is found to be the continuous progress in unification of the Private International Law. The European Community would attempt to adopt as many measures as possible and necessary. We also expect that the procedure of unification of conflict law rules concerning family law, which is at present subject to special legislative procedure allowing a veto of a Member State, would be changed to a procedure in which the Council would act by qualified majority. This would also mean swift unification of conflict law regarding questions of family law.

Keywords

mezinárodní právo soukromé a procesní, Evropské společenství, Evropská unie, Amsterodamská smlouva, Lisabonská smlouva, článek 61, 65, 67, 68, Hlava IV, volný pohyb osob, Evropský soudní dvůr, Dánsko, Velká Británie, Irsko, vnitřní trh, vývojové tendence medzinárodné právo súkromné a procesné, Európske spoločenstvo, Európska únia, Amsterdamská zmluva, Lisabonská zmluva, článok 61, Európsky súdny dvor, Veľká Británia, vnútorný trh, vývojové tendencie

Language used: Czech

Date on which the thesis was submitted / produced: 2. 5. 2007

Thesis defence

• Date of defence: 12. 2. 2008
• Supervisor: JUDr. Jiří Valdhans, Ph.D.

Masaryk University

Faculty of Law

Master programme / field:
Law and Legal Science / Law